Anemia

Anemia happens when a person doesn’t have enough red blood cells. When you don’t have enough red blood cells, your blood can’t carry enough oxygen to your body. About 30% of the world’s populationis anemic. Most cases of anemia are mild and easily treated. However, severe or long-lasting anemia can damage the heart, brain, and other organs of the body. 

It may even cause death. This section reviews the role of blood in the body as well as the components of blood. Blood helps distribute the nutrients, oxygen, and hormonesthe body needs. It also carries toxins and waste materials to the liver and kidneys to be removed from the body. Blood is made of blood cells floating in plasma. Plasma is mostly made of water with chemicals in it. These chemicals include cholesterol, proteins, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and a type of sugar called glucose. There are three basic types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. 

The most common symptom of anemia is feeling tired or weak. Other symptoms may include:

Shortness of breath

Pale skin

Lightheadedness

Chest pain

Feeling the heart beat

The symptoms of anemia also include:

Headache

Ringing/humming in the ears

Increased sleepiness

Coldness in the hands and feet

can be caused by one or more of the following causes:

Blood loss

Lack of red blood cell production

High rates of blood cell destruction

Blood loss and iron deficiency are common causes of anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia is a condition that happens if you don't have enough iron in your body. The body needs iron to make hemoglobin. The body may not make enough red blood cells for many reasons. In some cases, a genetic condition inherited from the parents may be the reason. Examples of non-genetic or acquired conditions that can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells include poor nutrition, imbalances in hormones, some chronic diseases, and pregnancy. The following sections will look more closely at each of these. A diet that lacks iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12 can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. Your body also needs small amounts of vitamin C, riboflavin, and copper to make red blood cells. Certain conditions can also make it hard for your body to absorb these nutrients. Anemia can also happen during pregnancy due to low levels of iron and folic acid. Also, during the first 6 months of pregnancy, plasma increases faster than the number of red blood cells.

Malaria

Malaria is a curable disease if diagnosed and treated promptly and correctly.

The clinical symptoms associated with malaria are caused by the asexual erythrocytic or blood stage parasites. When the parasite develops in the erythrocyte, numerous known and unknown waste substances such as hemozoin pigment and other toxic factors accumulate in the infected red blood cell. 

These are dumped into the bloodstream when the infected cells lyse and release invasive merozoites. The hemozoin and other toxic factors such as glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) stimulate macrophages and other cells to produce cytokines and other soluble factors which act to produce fever and rigors and probably influence other severe pathophysiology associated with malaria.

Common symptoms of malaria

In the early stages, malaria symptoms are sometimes similar to those of many other infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Symptoms may include:

Fever.

Chills.

Headache.
Sweats.
Fatigue.
Nausea and vomiting.

Symptoms may appear in cycles. The time between episodes of fever and other symptoms varies with the specific parasite you are infected with. Episodes of symptoms may occur:

Every 48 hours if you are infected with P. vivax or P. ovale.

Every 72 hours if you are infected with P. malariae

Thyroid

The thyroid gland is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. Normally, when thyroid hormone levels in the body are high, they will "switch off" the production of TSH, which in turn stops the thyroid Causes
Thyroid diseases sometimes result from inappropriate TSH levels, or may be caused by problems in the thyroid gland itself.Another form of hyperthyroidism is called toxic nodular goiter or toxic thyroid adenoma. Adenomas, abnormal nodules of tissue in the thyroid, constantly produce thyroid hormones even when they are not needed.

Secondary hyperthyroidism is caused when the pituitary gland makes too much TSH, leading to constant stimulation of the thyroid gland. A pituitary tumour may cause TSH levels to rise. More rarely, the pituitary gland becomes insensitive to thyroid hormones, no longer responding to high levels.

Another possible cause of hyperthyroidism is a condition called thyroiditis. This condition occurs when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. Depending on the type of thyroiditis, this may lead to temporary hyperthyroidism that might be followed by hypothyroidism.

The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the body makes antibodies that destroy parts of the thyroid gland. Surgical removal and certain medications (e.g., amiodarone, lithium) can also cause hypothyroidism.

Other causes of hypothyroidism include pituitary problems, hypothalamus problems, and iodine deficiency (rare in North America, but affects nearly 2 billion people

Importance of reproductive health

Reproducaltive and sexual health education is aneducational experience which aimed at developing capacity of the adolescent to understand their sxually in the contex of biological . psychological,socio-cultural and reproductive dimensions and to acquire skills in reproductive dimesiron and to acquire skill in maxing ersponsible decision and action with regard to their life plans as well as sexual and reproductive helth behaviour particularly protecting themecelves from unnwanted pregnancies,STDs,risky sex sexual aduse unsave abortion, as well as dvelompent of respect the human body.

Importance of reproductive helth 

· to provide the need of promotiom of mother health 

· To improve the health atatus of child mother

· Planning for future 

· To mack responcivale parenthood 

· To improve healthy sexual behaviour 

· To provide medical health facilaties for mother and chaild

· To make rusponcible parenthood

malnutrition

causes of Malnutrition 

• Rapid population growt

• Poverty

• Ignorance

• Low birth weight

• Traditional culture,concept and beliefs about nutrition

• Infection of communicable diseases

• polluted environment

• Lack of sanitation

• Low production of foodstffs

• Low quality of food

• Lack of and public awareness

Gastric Introduction

Gastric pain Gastric pain is commonly used to describe pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Other symptoms typically include heartburn, bloating, belching and nausea,” s commonly used to describe pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Other symptoms typically include heartburn, bloating, belching and nausea,”Organic causes of gastric pain

While non-ulcer dyspepsia has no clear cause, doctors suspect a link with stress. In a minority of cases, tests can reveal the cause of the gastric pain to be one of the following:

Peptic ulcer disease: A defect in the innermost layer of the stomach or duodenum wall (where the small intestine connects to the stomach).

Most peptic ulcers are due to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, as well as to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and other painkillers.

Hpylori infection can be ruled out by a blood test, urea breath test, stool test or by tests done during endoscopy.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition where stomach acid or bile flows back into your food pipe (oesophagus), irritating its lining.

To rule out GERD, your doctor may recommend an endoscopy. In this exam, a thin tube containing a tiny camera is passed through the mouth to examine the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.

Gallstone disease: Gallstones usually do not cause any signs or symptoms. However, inflammation of the gallbladder or blockage of the bile duct may lead to severe abdomen pain. Occasionally, gallstones on their own may cause pain without significant inflammation of the gallbladder or blockage of the bile duct.

Suger Disease

Sugar Disease is a problem that manifests in different ways in different individuals, of different ages.

Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar. If you ask a conventional physician, hypoglycemia is a rare, practically nonexistent malady. The next time you go to a doctor, try asking him or her if the symptoms you experience are due to hypoglycemia. You will, undoubtedly, evoke a bemused look, perhaps an angry one, and even a referral to a psychiatrist. Or perhaps your doctor will reluctantly perform a glucose tolerance test to humor you. Don’t bother. Glucose tolerance tests, as performed conventionally, are biased to corroborate the point your doctor wants to make.

You never had hypoglycemia in the first place! But the truth is that hypoglycemia is far more prevalent than we’re led to believe. Consider the following array of symptoms: spaciness, fatigue, mood changes, PMS, sugar craving, headaches, difficulty focusing the eyes, tremors, temperamental outbursts, depression, excessive sweating, hot flashes, palpitations, cold extremities, abdominal pain, panic attacks and many more. With such a laundry list of vague and seemingly subjective attributions, no wonder conventional doctors take a dim view of hypoglycemia. But, although legion in its manifestations, hypoglycemia is none the less real. Why so many symptoms? To learn the answer, we have to explore the physiology of low blood sugar. 

The body is designed to digest, assimilate and utilize three primary nutrients: proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Proteins and fats can be used for energy, but their conversion to usable forms is gradual, not immediate. That is why athletes on low carbohydrate diets often suffer an energy brown-out–they perform less well than when provided with fuel in the readily usable form of carbohydrate. -

Experiments have now confirmed what the hypoglycemic person experiences. Low blood sugar triggers hunger–especially carbohydrate craving. In addition, the brain is starved for its preferred fuel–glucose. At rest, the brain consumes 1/3 of the body’s total glucose requirement. The brain is a hungry, rapidly metabolizing organ–and fuel shortages here create problems in concentration, memory and mood.

Definition of Cancer

There are many different forms of cancer. Their manifestation is a growth of cells and tissues, which differ in various aspects from the surrounding tissue. Cancers occur in all living things. All lifeforms share similar DNA and RNA blueprints and cell physiology.

Cancer cells are formed from normal cells due to a modification / mutation of DNA and/or RNA. These modifications / mutations can occur spontaneously (II Law of Thermodynamics - increase of entropy) or they may be induced by other factors such as: nuclear radiation, electromagnetic radiation (microwaves, X-rays, Gamma-rays, Ultraviolet-rays, etc.), viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites (due to tissue inflamation/irritation), heat, chemicals in the air, water and food, mechanical cell-level injury, free radicals, evolution and ageing of DNA and RNA, etc. All these can produce mutations that may start cancer. Cancer can be called therefore "Entropic Disease" since it is associated with the increase of entropy of the organism to the point where the organism cannot correct this itself. External intervention is required to allow the organism to return to an stable entropic state.

Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism (it is estimated that there are about 10,000 cancer cells at any given time in a healthy person). The question is why some of these result in macroscopic-level cancers and some don't. First, not all damaged cells can multiply and many of them die quickly. Those which have the potential to divide and form cancer are effectively destroyed by the various mechanisms available to the immune system. This process takes place continuously. Therefore cancer develops if the immune system is not working properly and/or the amount of cells produced is too great for the immune system to eliminate.


Traditional Treatment of Cancer

Cancer can be a very scary thing. The survival rates of some cancers is very low and treatments are not very effective, if one uses traditional medicine (one estimate puts it at 3%). On top of that, cancer is demonized as this scary thing which is growing in you and is going to kill you. Many people feel helpless and put blind trust in traditional medicine for treatment. Traditional medicine is very good in detecting and monitoring cancer but it is very poor and ineffective in the treatment of cancer.

Information Diabetes

Salmon, herring, and sardines are among good sources of omega-3 fatty acids that may help to reduce the risk of Type-2 diabetes.

Type-2 diabetes is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the world. In that previous studies posit that overweight is a significant risk factor, diet and other lifestyle factors may have potential as interventive approaches to reduce a person’s risk of Type-2 diabetes. Jyrki K. Virtanen, from the University of Eastern Finland (Finland), and colleagues analyzed data collected in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD), determining the serum omega-3 fatty acid concentrations of 2,212 men, ages 42 to 60 years age at the onset of the study, in 1984–1989. During a follow-up of 19.3 years, 422 men were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The team found that men in the highest serum omega-3 fatty acid concentration quarter were at 33% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, as compared to those men in the lowest quarter.

Nutrion foods information

The Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (ICHNR) released the first Nutrition Research Roadmap designed to guide federal nutrition research. The 2016-2021 National Nutrition Research Roadmap encourages an increased focus on research that can lead to more individualized advice for promoting health and preventing disease.

The Roadmap was released today by ICHNR co-chairs: Catherine Woteki, Ph.D., M.S., USDA Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics as well as Chief Scientist, and Karen B. DeSalvo, M.D., M.P.H., M.Sc., HHS Acting Assistant Secretary for Health. The Roadmap is the result of more than a year of interagency collaboration through the ICHNR and integration of public comments. Representatives from the following departments and agencies developed the Roadmap: HHS, USDA, Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, the Federal Trade Commission, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States Agency for International Development, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Veterans Health Administration, and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.

"Nutritional needs differ according to a number of factors, including an individual's age, their health status and their level of physical activity," said Dr. Woteki. "Those needs can be tailored according to personal preferences, enabling each person to choose the foods that are right for them. The priorities outlined in the Roadmap will help us identify knowledge gaps and research opportunities that can help consumers make healthy choices."

"Healthy eating is one of the most powerful tools we have to reduce the onset of chronic diseases related to nutrition like obesity, heart disease and diabetes," said Dr. DeSalvo. "By focusing, in part, on developing a better understanding of the gaps in the evidence for healthier eating, the Roadmap will help provide an evidence base for supporting easy, accessible, and affordable healthy food choices."

Night blindness cause

• The most significant cause of night blindness is Vitamin A deficiency.   Retinol or Vitamin A deficiency affects the eye, and thus predisposes those with deficiency with various eye problems including night blindness.
• Retinitis pigmentosa, which is the degeneration of the retina may also cause night blindness.
• Refsum’s disease or the disease affecting the brain and motor functions may also cause night blindness in addition to other organ disorders like deafness, weakness, balance and coordination problems, among others.
•  Congenital stationary night blindness, as the term implies, is a type of night blindness that children may be born with.  Only one thing is the saving grace of this case, is the fact that it does not get worse.  The condition stays as it is from birth until old age.
• Malnutrition is another causal factor for the development of night blindness.  This may come from mal-absorption of vitamins and mineral necessary for the proper nourishment of the eyes.

Other diseases may also affect the eye and its functions.  Thus, should you experience blurred vision, dry eyes and difficulty in adjusting from the light; you may need to be alarmed.  Get a thorough assessment of your condition by a medical professional.  This will ensure that should an eye problem is developing, it will be detected earlier, as the saying goes, early detection is always the best cure.

Symptoms of night blindness

The symptom of night blindness is very clear in its name.  It is blindness or inability to see at night or dimly lighted room. 

Other symptoms such as headache, dry eyes and blurred vision, which are also signs of night blindness may also be symptoms of other eye problems. 

It is thus necessary that when you experience these symptoms, you need to visit your eye professional.  He will be the best person to identify your problem and thus recommend the best medication for your condition.

Treatment for night blindness

Eye drops are best to assist your eye in accommodating from the switch between daylight into nighttime.

Additionally, because vitamin A or retinol deficiency is the most common cause of this problem, Vitamin A supplementation will thus be very helpful.

Finally, if there is an underlying disease that may be causing night blindness, treatment of such disease may be proper.  This is of course, depending on the recommendation of your medical doctor. 

Night blindness

Night blindness: Impaired vision in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired function of specific vision cells (namely, the rods) in the retina.

The ability of our eyes to quickly view objects as they shift from light to dark areas and the ability to see in dim light or at night is an important part of our visual health. When we are not able to do such, the condition is referred to commonly as night blindness or medically as nyctalopia. It occurs as a result of various diseases that cause degeneration of the rods of the retina (the sensory cells responsible for vision in dim light). The problem can also appear as an inherited deficiency in visual purple, or rhodopsin, which is the pigment of the rods of the retina. The abnormality can also result from vitamin A deficiency. Rhodopsin, maintains its photosensitivity only in the presence of vitamin 

Night blindness is a classic finding from deficiency of vitamin A. It was described by the English physician William Heberden (1710-1801) who also discovered other medical disorders of importance including angina pectoris (chest pain that is often severe and crushing, due to an inadequate supply ofoxygen to the heart muscle) and osteoarthritis of the small joints with nodules (Heberden's nodes) in and about the last joint of the finger

Water pollution

Some fertility problems are more easily treated than others. In general, as a woman ages, especially after age 35, her chances of getting pregnant go down. But her risk of miscarriage goes up.

If you are 35 or older, your doctor may recommend that you skip some of the steps younger couples usually take. That's because your chances of having a baby decrease with each passing year.

It's important to understand that even if you are able to get pregnant, no treatment can guarantee a healthy baby. On the other hand, scientists in this field have made many advances that have helped millions of couples have babies.Thus, water pollution is all about quantities: how much of a polluting substance is released and how big a volume of water it is released into. A small quantity of a toxic chemical may have little impact if it is spilled into the ocean from a ship. But the same amount of the same chemical can have a much bigger impact pumped into a lake or river, where there is less clean water to disperse it.

Water pollution almost always means that some damage has been done to an ocean, river, lake, or other water source. A 1969 United Nations report defined ocean pollution as:

Fever

Every one of us has experienced the wave of chills and exhaustion that a fever causes. Fever usually occurs in response to an infection as with the flu or cold viruses or strep throat bacterial infection, or with inflammation that occurs with tissue injury or disease (such as with some cancers). However, many other causes of fever are possible, including drugs, poisons, heat exposure, injuries or abnormalities to the brain, or disease of the endocrine (hormonal or glandular) system.

A fever rarely comes without other symptoms. It is often accompanied by specific complaints, which may help to identify the illness causing the fever. This can help the doctor determine which treatment is necessary.

Normal body temperature can vary depending on the individual, the time of day, and even the weather. For most people, a temperature of 98.6 F (Fahrenheit) (37 C or Celsius) is baseline.

Temperature is usually controlled by the part of the brain called the hypothalamus.Fever occurs when the body's immune response is triggered by pyrogens (fever-producing substances). Pyrogens usually come from a source outside the body and, in turn, stimulate the production of additional pyrogens inside the body. Pyrogens tell the hypothalamus to increase the temperature set point. In response, our body begins to shiver; our blood vessels constrict (close); we get under the covers in an attempt to reach the new temperature that is higher than our baseline. However, other pyrogens can be produced by the body, usually in response to inflammation; these are referred to as cytokines

Fertility

Birth control: the choice to delay childbirth to get a higher education are also associated with declining fertility. "While these factors are very important they are insufficient to explain the drops in family sizes that we are seeing," Hooper says. In addition to Hooper, the study authors include anthropologists Mary Shenk, from the University of Missouri, and Hillard Kaplan, from the University of New Mexico. They are pioneers in an emerging field of "computational anthropology," which blends methods from biology, economics, computer science and physics to answer fundamental questions about human behavior.

The study is featured in a special issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, devoted to how evolutionary approaches can help solve the puzzle of why human fertility varies substantially.

Hooper first became intrigued by variability in human fertility while researching the Tsimane indigenous people of Bolivian Amazonia. The Tsimane (pronounced chee-mahn-AY in Spanish) are foragers and horticulturalists who live in small, isolated communities along the Maniqui River in the Amazonian rainforest.

"In a hunter-gatherer society, parents have a limited number of things available to invest in: Food, clothing and shelter," Hooper says. "The average Tsimane family has nine children and they can provide these basic needs for all of them."

Hooper noticed a pattern, however, when Tsimane families leave the rainforest and move closer to Spanish-speaking towns where they come into contact with market economies and industrialized goods. "When they start getting earnings for the first time, they spend money on things you wouldn't really expect, like an expensive wristwatch or a nylon backpack for a child attending school, instead of sending them with a traditional woven bag," Hooper says. "I got the impression that these things were largely symbolic of their social status and competence."

The Tsimane family size also tends to drop when they move closer to town: From eight or nine children in remote villages, to five or six in villages near town, to three to four in the town itself, he adds.

Hooper hypothesizes that a similar pattern plays out as societies develop from mainly agrarian to more urban and affluent. "In my grandparents day, it took a lot less investment to be respectable," he says. "It was important to have a set of good clothes for church on Sunday but you could let the kids run around barefoot for the rest of the week."

Today, however, keeping up with the Jones has become much more complicated - and expensive.

"The human species is highly social and, as a result, we appear to have an ingrained desire for social standing," Hooper says. "The problem is that our brains evolved in a radically different environment from that of the modern world. Evolution didn't necessarily train us very well for the almost infinite size of our communities, the anonymity of many of our interactions and the vast numbers of goods that we can use to signal our status. Our evolved psychology may be misfiring and causing us to overinvest in social standing."

HIV/AIDS:Causes,symptoms

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the syndrome progresses.

HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person (semen and vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk). The virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact. In addition, infected pregnant women can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy, delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breast feeding.HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will then develop AIDS. The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can ultimately lead to death.


According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV, were first identified and recognized in the early 1980s.


Common AIDS symptoms in men include:

• swollen lymph glands.
• unusual lesions on the tongue; skin rashes and bumps.
• nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
• cough and shortness of breath.
• chronic fatigue.
• fever, chills, and night sweats.
• rapid weight loss.

Epidemiology & Population health sciences

The University of Miami (UM) Division of Epidemiology & Population Health Sciences embraces the traditional role of Epidemiology, the “basic science” of public health, in the evaluation of the distribution and determinants of health and disease.

Our division aims to play major roles in the promotion of health and the prevention and management of diseases in populations at local, regional, national, and international levels.

New opportunities and challenges are emerging with the advances in genomics, molecular biology, epigenetics, nanotechnology, and pharmacoepidemiology. Our division is actively participating in the Million Veterans Program (MVP), in partnership with the Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, to enroll 20,000 South Floridians in a prospective cohort to study how genes affect health and disease.

At the clinical and community levels, applied epidemiology will facilitate the participation of our division, together with other UM Departments and Academic Units, in the implementation of strategies leading to better healthcare and seeking the well-being of the population.

In response to the global epidemiologic transition, from predominant infectious diseases to the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCD), our division is evaluating major risk factors (tobacco, obesity, poor eating, and sedentary lifestyle) and providing the framework to promote healthy living and reduce the burden of NCD (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases).

Introduction Of Health

Introduction Of Health

Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social challenges. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete"  Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction. Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health. Health is that balanced condition of the living organism in which the integral, harmonious performance of the vital functions tends to the preservation of the organism and the normal development of the individual.

Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments. In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social conditions, and spirituality; these are referred to as "determinants of health." Studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health 

Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both his health status and quality of their life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors