Anemia

Anemia happens when a person doesn’t have enough red blood cells. When you don’t have enough red blood cells, your blood can’t carry enough oxygen to your body. About 30% of the world’s populationis anemic. Most cases of anemia are mild and easily treated. However, severe or long-lasting anemia can damage the heart, brain, and other organs of the body. 

It may even cause death. This section reviews the role of blood in the body as well as the components of blood. Blood helps distribute the nutrients, oxygen, and hormonesthe body needs. It also carries toxins and waste materials to the liver and kidneys to be removed from the body. Blood is made of blood cells floating in plasma. Plasma is mostly made of water with chemicals in it. These chemicals include cholesterol, proteins, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and a type of sugar called glucose. There are three basic types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. 

The most common symptom of anemia is feeling tired or weak. Other symptoms may include:

Shortness of breath

Pale skin

Lightheadedness

Chest pain

Feeling the heart beat

The symptoms of anemia also include:

Headache

Ringing/humming in the ears

Increased sleepiness

Coldness in the hands and feet

can be caused by one or more of the following causes:

Blood loss

Lack of red blood cell production

High rates of blood cell destruction

Blood loss and iron deficiency are common causes of anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia is a condition that happens if you don't have enough iron in your body. The body needs iron to make hemoglobin. The body may not make enough red blood cells for many reasons. In some cases, a genetic condition inherited from the parents may be the reason. Examples of non-genetic or acquired conditions that can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells include poor nutrition, imbalances in hormones, some chronic diseases, and pregnancy. The following sections will look more closely at each of these. A diet that lacks iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12 can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. Your body also needs small amounts of vitamin C, riboflavin, and copper to make red blood cells. Certain conditions can also make it hard for your body to absorb these nutrients. Anemia can also happen during pregnancy due to low levels of iron and folic acid. Also, during the first 6 months of pregnancy, plasma increases faster than the number of red blood cells.

Malaria

Malaria is a curable disease if diagnosed and treated promptly and correctly.

The clinical symptoms associated with malaria are caused by the asexual erythrocytic or blood stage parasites. When the parasite develops in the erythrocyte, numerous known and unknown waste substances such as hemozoin pigment and other toxic factors accumulate in the infected red blood cell. 

These are dumped into the bloodstream when the infected cells lyse and release invasive merozoites. The hemozoin and other toxic factors such as glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) stimulate macrophages and other cells to produce cytokines and other soluble factors which act to produce fever and rigors and probably influence other severe pathophysiology associated with malaria.

Common symptoms of malaria

In the early stages, malaria symptoms are sometimes similar to those of many other infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Symptoms may include:

Fever.

Chills.

Headache.
Sweats.
Fatigue.
Nausea and vomiting.

Symptoms may appear in cycles. The time between episodes of fever and other symptoms varies with the specific parasite you are infected with. Episodes of symptoms may occur:

Every 48 hours if you are infected with P. vivax or P. ovale.

Every 72 hours if you are infected with P. malariae

Thyroid

The thyroid gland is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. Normally, when thyroid hormone levels in the body are high, they will "switch off" the production of TSH, which in turn stops the thyroid Causes
Thyroid diseases sometimes result from inappropriate TSH levels, or may be caused by problems in the thyroid gland itself.Another form of hyperthyroidism is called toxic nodular goiter or toxic thyroid adenoma. Adenomas, abnormal nodules of tissue in the thyroid, constantly produce thyroid hormones even when they are not needed.

Secondary hyperthyroidism is caused when the pituitary gland makes too much TSH, leading to constant stimulation of the thyroid gland. A pituitary tumour may cause TSH levels to rise. More rarely, the pituitary gland becomes insensitive to thyroid hormones, no longer responding to high levels.

Another possible cause of hyperthyroidism is a condition called thyroiditis. This condition occurs when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. Depending on the type of thyroiditis, this may lead to temporary hyperthyroidism that might be followed by hypothyroidism.

The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the body makes antibodies that destroy parts of the thyroid gland. Surgical removal and certain medications (e.g., amiodarone, lithium) can also cause hypothyroidism.

Other causes of hypothyroidism include pituitary problems, hypothalamus problems, and iodine deficiency (rare in North America, but affects nearly 2 billion people

Importance of reproductive health

Reproducaltive and sexual health education is aneducational experience which aimed at developing capacity of the adolescent to understand their sxually in the contex of biological . psychological,socio-cultural and reproductive dimensions and to acquire skills in reproductive dimesiron and to acquire skill in maxing ersponsible decision and action with regard to their life plans as well as sexual and reproductive helth behaviour particularly protecting themecelves from unnwanted pregnancies,STDs,risky sex sexual aduse unsave abortion, as well as dvelompent of respect the human body.

Importance of reproductive helth 

· to provide the need of promotiom of mother health 

· To improve the health atatus of child mother

· Planning for future 

· To mack responcivale parenthood 

· To improve healthy sexual behaviour 

· To provide medical health facilaties for mother and chaild

· To make rusponcible parenthood

malnutrition

causes of Malnutrition 

• Rapid population growt

• Poverty

• Ignorance

• Low birth weight

• Traditional culture,concept and beliefs about nutrition

• Infection of communicable diseases

• polluted environment

• Lack of sanitation

• Low production of foodstffs

• Low quality of food

• Lack of and public awareness

Gastric Introduction

Gastric pain Gastric pain is commonly used to describe pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Other symptoms typically include heartburn, bloating, belching and nausea,” s commonly used to describe pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Other symptoms typically include heartburn, bloating, belching and nausea,”Organic causes of gastric pain

While non-ulcer dyspepsia has no clear cause, doctors suspect a link with stress. In a minority of cases, tests can reveal the cause of the gastric pain to be one of the following:

Peptic ulcer disease: A defect in the innermost layer of the stomach or duodenum wall (where the small intestine connects to the stomach).

Most peptic ulcers are due to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, as well as to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and other painkillers.

Hpylori infection can be ruled out by a blood test, urea breath test, stool test or by tests done during endoscopy.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition where stomach acid or bile flows back into your food pipe (oesophagus), irritating its lining.

To rule out GERD, your doctor may recommend an endoscopy. In this exam, a thin tube containing a tiny camera is passed through the mouth to examine the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.

Gallstone disease: Gallstones usually do not cause any signs or symptoms. However, inflammation of the gallbladder or blockage of the bile duct may lead to severe abdomen pain. Occasionally, gallstones on their own may cause pain without significant inflammation of the gallbladder or blockage of the bile duct.

Suger Disease

Sugar Disease is a problem that manifests in different ways in different individuals, of different ages.

Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar. If you ask a conventional physician, hypoglycemia is a rare, practically nonexistent malady. The next time you go to a doctor, try asking him or her if the symptoms you experience are due to hypoglycemia. You will, undoubtedly, evoke a bemused look, perhaps an angry one, and even a referral to a psychiatrist. Or perhaps your doctor will reluctantly perform a glucose tolerance test to humor you. Don’t bother. Glucose tolerance tests, as performed conventionally, are biased to corroborate the point your doctor wants to make.

You never had hypoglycemia in the first place! But the truth is that hypoglycemia is far more prevalent than we’re led to believe. Consider the following array of symptoms: spaciness, fatigue, mood changes, PMS, sugar craving, headaches, difficulty focusing the eyes, tremors, temperamental outbursts, depression, excessive sweating, hot flashes, palpitations, cold extremities, abdominal pain, panic attacks and many more. With such a laundry list of vague and seemingly subjective attributions, no wonder conventional doctors take a dim view of hypoglycemia. But, although legion in its manifestations, hypoglycemia is none the less real. Why so many symptoms? To learn the answer, we have to explore the physiology of low blood sugar. 

The body is designed to digest, assimilate and utilize three primary nutrients: proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Proteins and fats can be used for energy, but their conversion to usable forms is gradual, not immediate. That is why athletes on low carbohydrate diets often suffer an energy brown-out–they perform less well than when provided with fuel in the readily usable form of carbohydrate. -

Experiments have now confirmed what the hypoglycemic person experiences. Low blood sugar triggers hunger–especially carbohydrate craving. In addition, the brain is starved for its preferred fuel–glucose. At rest, the brain consumes 1/3 of the body’s total glucose requirement. The brain is a hungry, rapidly metabolizing organ–and fuel shortages here create problems in concentration, memory and mood.